Bulimia: Long Term Outlook

Bulimia was first recognized as an illness in the 1980’s. Because of the relative newness of the illness, studies on the long-term effects of bulimia are inconclusive and findings are mixed for those who maintain normal body weight. However, the bulimic individual is at risk to develop a number of psychological and medical problems even in cases where treatment is sought before the illness becomes severe. In addition, there is little disagreement that bulimia is a life-threatening illness with severe consequences if left untreated. Worst case, 10% of those who suffer from bulimia will die from starvation, heart failure, or other associated medical complications.

Although most physical problems associated with bulimia are reversible with successful treatment of the illness, without treatment bulimia frequently results in a number of medical complications with varying amounts of severity. These problems may occur regardless of weight gain or loss and include:

High blood pressure
Seizures
Chronic fatigue
Headaches
Increased frequency of colds and flu
Insomnia
Gastro-intestinal disorders
Kidney malfunction
Dental problems
Mouth and throat ulcers and adhesions

In addition to physical problems, untreated bulimia is also associated with the development of depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse problems. Among the most serious aspects of bulimia are the feelings of helplessness and guilt that accompany the illness. Perhaps most disturbing are the self-destructive behaviors displayed by many who suffer from bulimia. In a study released in 2002, of 152 women who suffered from the disease 12% admitted to self-harming behaviors and 18% admitted to attempting suicide. However, it is unclear whether these behaviors are directly caused by the illness or are the result of other emotional problems that coincide with bulimia.

Although most women with bulimia have healthy pregnancies, they face higher risks for premature delivery, cesarean section, postpartum depression, miscarriage, and other complications during delivery. Their babies also have a higher risk for low birth weight and physical deformity.

Bulimia is considered to be a chronic illness. Even with treatment, many individuals continue to display some symptoms. Current information suggests that about 50% of those who seek treatment find full recovery from the illness, 30% experience an occasional relapse, and the other 20% continue to have an ongoing problem with binging and purging. However, early diagnosis and treatment is critical. Those with few physical complications and who actively and willingly participate in treatment are more apt to be successful in enjoying full recovery from bulimia.